Theories of Child Maltreatment essays

Theories of Child Maltreatment essays The conceptions of how child maltreatment originates and is maintained as an enduring and destructive social phenomenon have been debated in theory and research for many years. The conception of child abuse, though it has changed over time has been irreconcilably changed by psychology and more specifically psychological theory. Probably the two most altering of theories, as they are applied to child maltreatment and its perpetuation are ecology theory and social learning theory. The basic tenants of ecology theory as it is applied to child maltreatment is four levels of ecology can be used to explain why some parents maltreat their children: the ontogeny or basic development of the perpetrator, the family, community and society in which he or she was embedded. (Belsky, 1980, pp.320-335) Social learning theory proposes that child maltreatment is an aspect of observational learning, where children observe aggressive behaviors and such behaviors become an unconscious drive to future be havior. (Bandura, 1973, p. 27) Both theories to some degree attest that childhood observation and treatment determine future actions and that adults who were maltreated as children will be more likely than other adults to maltreat children in their own care. This work will explore these two seminal theories as they apply to child maltreatment. The work will first develop a concept of how each theory applies to the origins and maintenance of child maltreatment. It will then go on to discuss each theory in critical analysis, an in application to child maltreatment. A comparison and contrast of the two theories will follow and to close the work will provide a summary of empirical evidence that supports or detracts from each theory, as it applies to child maltreatment. Origins and Maintenance of Child Maltreatment The concepts of child maltreatment ebb and flow with the political social and cultural tide, as definitions of what is acceptable and what...

Based on a long common law history and once an important measure in sales contracts, s.13 Sale of Goods Act 1979 has now become unnecessary and irrelevant.’ The WritePass Journal

Based on a long common law history and once an important measure in sales contracts, s.13 Sale of Goods Act 1979 has now become unnecessary and irrelevant.’ Introduction Based on a long common law history and once an important measure in sales contracts, s.13 Sale of Goods Act 1979 has now become unnecessary and irrelevant.’ . Sealey, L. S. and Hooley, R. J. A. (2008) Commercial Law: Text, Cases and Ma  Ã‚  Ã‚   terials, OUP Oxford, 4th Edition. Case Law Arcos v Ranaason [1933] AC 470 Ashington Piggeries Ltd. v Christopher Hill Ltd. [1971] 1 All ER 847 Drake v Thos Agnew Sons Ltd [2002] EWHC 294 (QB) Harlingdon Leinster v Christopher Hull Fine Art [1991] 1 QB 564 Re Moore Landauer [1921] 2 KB 519.

Tips for Declaring Variables in Java

Tips for Declaring Variables in Java A variable is a container that holds values that are used in a Java program. To be able to use a variable it needs to be declared. Declaring variables is normally the first thing that happens in any program. How to Declare a Variable Java is a strongly typed programming language. This means that every variable must have a data type associated with it. For example, a variable could be declared to use one of the eight primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char or boolean. A good analogy for a variable is to think of a bucket. We can fill it to a certain level, we can replace whats inside it, and sometimes we can add or take something away from it. When we declare a variable to use a data type its like putting a label on the bucket that says what it can be filled with. Lets say the label for the bucket is Sand. Once the label is attached, we can only ever add or remove sand from the bucket. Anytime we try and put anything else into it, we will get stopped by the bucket police. In Java, you can think of the compiler as the bucket police. It ensures that programmers declare and use variables properly. To declare a variable in Java, all that is needed is the data type followed by the variable name: int numberOfDays; In the above example, a variable called numberOfDays has been declared with a data type of int. Notice how the line ends with a semi-colon. The semi-colon tells the Java compiler that the declaration is complete. Now that it has been declared, numberOfDays can only ever hold values that match the definition of the data type (i.e., for an int data type the value can only be a whole number between -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647). Declaring variables for other data types is exactly the same: byte nextInStream; short hour; long totalNumberOfStars; float reactionTime; double itemPrice; Initializing Variables Before a variable can be used it must be given an initial value. This is called initializing the variable. If we try to use a variable without first giving it a value: int numberOfDays; //try and add 10 to the value of numberOfDays numberOfDays numberOfDays 10; the compiler will throw an error: variable numberOfDays might not have been initialized To initialize a variable we use an assignment statement. An assignment statement follows the same pattern as an equation in mathematics (e.g., 2 2 4). There is a left side of the equation, a right side and an equals sign (i.e., ) in the middle. To give a variable a value, the left side is the name of the variable and the right side is the value: int numberOfDays; numberOfDays 7; In the above example, numberOfDays has been declared with a data type of int and has been giving an initial value of 7. We can now add ten to the value of numberOfDays because it has been initialized: int numberOfDays; numberOfDays 7; numberOfDays numberOfDays 10; System.out.println(numberOfDays); Typically, the initializing of a variable is done at the same time as its declaration: //declare the variable and give it a value all in one statement int numberOfDays 7; Choosing Variable Names The name given to a variable is known as an identifier. As the term suggests, the way the compiler knows which variables its dealing with is through the variables name. There are certain rules for identifiers: reserved words cannot be used.they cannot start with a digit but digits can be used after the first character (e.g., name1, n2ame are valid).they can start with a letter, an underscore (i.e., _) or a dollar sign (i.e., $).you cannot use other symbols or spaces (e.g., %,^,,#). Always give your variables meaningful identifiers. If a variable holds the price of a book, then call it something like bookPrice. If each variable has a name that makes it clear what its being used for, it will make finding errors in your programs a lot easier. Finally, there are naming conventions in Java that we  would encourage you to use. You may have noticed that all the examples we  have given follow a certain pattern. When more than one word is used in combination in a variable name the words following the first one are given a capital letter (e.g., reactionTime, numberOfDays.) This is known as mixed case and is the preferred choice for variable identifiers.

Project Management Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management Review - Assignment Example This structure helps in creating a framework and provides guidance in terms of schedule development and control. The process of defining the project consists of five steps 1. Defining the project scope: - A project scope is the end result of the project, i.e. a product or service for the client or customer. The scope clearly explains the measurable and tangible result delivered to the end user. 2. Establishing project priorities: - The second step is to establish the project priorities, which determines the shifts in the comparative importance of criterions connected to cost, time, and performance parameters. This also helps in managing the priorities of project trade-offs and in formulating the parameter requirements. 3. The third step involved in defining a project is to create the Work Breakdown Structure. A work breakdown structure is the hierarchal sketch that categorizes the products and work elements engaged in a project. 4. Integration of Work Breakdown Structure with the Org anization is the fourth step of defining a project. The ability of the firm to discharge its work responsibility towards a project is determined at this stage. This is where WBS and the OBS (Organizational Breakdown structure) are integrated. 5. The final stage of the process is coding the Work Breakdown Structure for the information System. At this stage, a range of essentials of the WBS are identified and defined. Reports on the organizational fundamentals, work package, budget and cost are consolidated at all levels of the organizational structure. Lag and Slack According to Francis and Horine (2003), in a series of linked tasks, lag means the ‘delay’ between the linked tasks; and it is necessary to use lag in a network as it is essential for the smooth progress of tasks (p. 80). The lag can be described as a ‘planned delay’. On the other hand, slack explains the extent of time that a task can be belated without affecting its successor tasks. As Chapman (2006, p. 9.22), Gantt chart is prepared to break a large project into a sequence of smaller tasks in an organized way. This chart describes when each task should start and how long it would take. On the other hand, a network diagram is a tool used for demonstrating how the impacts of a project are related and what the consequences of the impact are. Diagrams summarize a large portion of the project body as it is represented as graphical representation. Backward pass: A backward pass is a device used in the project management. It refers to the estimation of late start dates and late finish dates regarding the section of activities that have not been completed. This is calculated using by referring back through the schedule network from the end date of project segment. The end date may be determined by the client or by the supervisor using the forward pass. A backward pass determines the late start date and late finish dates. Scope statement: The project is on arranging a dinner-danc e concert for a local charity. It is going to take place in a four weeks’ time. This concert is reserved specially for 30 couples and the amount collected at this concert goes directly to the needy segment of the local society. The first step involved in the project is to create work breakdown statement of the project scope. The different elements of the project are to be distinguished at first hand. It is easier to understand the different

The approach of English law towards duty of care has been Case Study

The approach of English law towards duty of care has been inconsistent, illogical and unfair on the claimant - Case Study Example The author is of the belief that it is when one looks at the cases involving gender orientation discrimination that one sees best how English law is inconsistent, illogical and unfair on the claimant. The cases examined will demonstrate not only legal contortionism at play, but language contortionism as well. After all, as stated by Andrew Altman in the article Legal Realism, Critical Studies and Dworkin, (1986) the law is infused with irresolvably opposed principles and ideals, and this legal indeterminacy, as it is called, compels the judge to make a choice that is not dictated by law. Once-sacrosanct legal precepts are being dismantled, stare decisis as a doctrine is being reexamined, and the infallibility of the courts as repository of truth and justice is being questioned. The law is no longer a fabric of clearly-defined spectrums, but is rather a patchwork quilt of various shades of gray. Taking this view is important in that it stimulates self-interrogation. It does away with the all-too-convenient givens of a legal system - that there is but one set of "correct" rules and that legal decisions are but logical outcomes of tested principles that are empirically-replicable. It aspires to expose the ideological content of the law obscured by layers upon layers of social conditioning by demonstrating how the large areas of legal indeterminacy provide fertile ground for the cooptation of the legal system to reinforce existing power arrangements. This brings us to our discussion on tort cases involving gender discrimination. Conaghan (1996) states: From a social perspective, feminists have argued that women suffer particular harms and injuries as women: their experience of pain and injury is indistinguishable, to a large extent, from the experience of men. This claim has at least two dimensions. On the one hand, pregnancy and childbirth, menstrual and/or ovulation pains are obvious examples of gender specific "harms". Men do not/cannot experience these traumas directly. On the other hand, the concept of gendered harm can also embrace those harms, which, although not exclusive to women in any biological sense, are risks which women are more likely to incur than men - the risk or rape, incest, sexual harassment, spousal abuse, or, more contentiously, the risk of harmful medical intervention. By and large, there is no dearth of legislation prohibiting discriminatory practices against women. However, in practice, jurisprudence has made it difficult for women to raise tort-related claims. Certainly, there are cases that are cut-and-dried; for instance, when it is patently obvious that there is discrimination on the basis of gender. However, in this day and age, it is less likely to find a case wherein the discrimination is so obvious that it unquestionably amounts to an illegal act. One would be hard put to find an employer who would dare violate the stringent regulations against workplace-related discrimination, instance. There is a greater likelihood that the discrimination would be insidious, perhaps having to do with a careless statement loosely made that betrays the

An Allegory of Divine Wisdom and the Fine Arts by Paolo de' Matteis & Essay

An Allegory of Divine Wisdom and the Fine Arts by Paolo de' Matteis & Pictura by Frans van Mieris the Elder - Essay Example The essay "An Allegory of Divine Wisdom and the Fine Arts by Paolo de' Matteis & Pictura by Frans van Mieris the Elder" explores paintings by Divine Wisdom, Paolo de' Matteis and Frans van Mieris the Elder. Divine Wisdom is a conglomeration of many subjects to include men, women, angelic beings, and artifacts of a compass and a drawing, clock, laurel wreath, and paddle while Pictura is of a lone woman holding a palette, brushes, and a small plaster sculpture for a model for larger works. Hanging from her neck is a mask on a chain. Divine wisdom suggests a hierarchy of the disciplines where Science is paramount before Painting and Architecture, which may point to the necessity for these two fields of human interest to uphold principles, facts, and knowledge. But these may have to be tempered with Virtue, Time (the clock) and Truth (the unfolding canvass). On the other hand Pictura is said to refer to the Arts and seems to warn of the capacity of art itself to deceive sights through th e art of illusions as suggested by the mask. Both paintings expectedly were influenced by the stylistic characteristics of their period, the masters with whom the painters worked, and the clients of these painters. Paolo trained under Luca Giordano which explains his leanings toward naturalism, a trademark of the Neapolitan school. In his Divine wisdom, he employed the delicate graceful manner (the hand of Science, for example), an influence of a French master, but â€Å"broke into baroque† as exemplified by the rich his work.

There can be no love without justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

There can be no love without justice - Essay Example Love is good will, benevolence, affection, concern and high esteem for the well-being of an individual. Love is not being envious, boastful, rude or arrogant. Additionally, love rejoices in the truth and not in wrongdoings. Finally love believes in all things, endures all things and hopes all things. Love is kind and love never ends. Justice does not exist where there is no love. However, acting in love is not something that is done without any sense of responsibility towards others, it requires proper thought and care. Therefore, by acting responsibly, justice and love are distributed hence Love and justice are linked (Christoyannopoulos & Milne, 2007). God is just and through this he does everything due to the love he has for mankind. Mankind is treated equally when there is justice. Additionally, mistreatment and oppression are neither available. When justice presence people are shown love and care. Thus, justness symbolizes the presence of love. In absence of justness, people end up being treated in a bad way and also subjected to suffering. Also, unjustness leads to unequal consideration of peoples demands, therefore love does not prevail where there is no justice. Christoyannopoulos, A. J. M. E., & Milne, J. (2007). Love, justice, and social eschatology. Heythrop Journal - Quarterly Review of Philosophy and Theology, 48, 972–991.